This process of rejuvenation in Taiwan begins because we in 2019 changed our curriculum. All of those ideas came from the citizenry, and many of them started in schools even before they turned 18. We see this process as like working out in a civic gym. Where the gyms are schools, literally gymnasiums. Since 2019, we changed our basic education curriculum. We switched from what’s called “literacy,” which is about taking information, critical thinking, into “competency,” which is about producing information and knowledge together. Because the top-down journalistic fact-checking does not really inoculate people against a high PPM. But the ability to do peer-to-peer collaboration on fact-checking, verifying sources, balancing coverage, producing contextualized narratives, making real-time corrections during presidential candidate debates—our middle schoolers, once they do that, they cut through the high PPM environment.

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