Thank you. Live long and prosper.

Exactly, because the definition of democracy changes over time. When democracy was first invented, only very few percent of the population actually enjoy the voting rights back in Greece. And then now we see also people gradually expanding the right of other people of different gender, different ethnicities and so ...

That’s how democracies decide to give more people the vote.

An AI agent earns the badge of consciousness only when a science-briefed, randomly selected citizen’s jury deliberates on transparent evidence and judges it worthy of the moral standing that we give sentient beings.

Wow. Yes, exactly. And so, in having solidarity among our political parties in a common rejection against the Hong Kong model, nowadays, you’ll see rallies in Taipei where the ROC flag that Madame Chiang Kai-Shek very much liked and the Taiwan island flag used to never fly in the same ...

Oh, wow.

So, the service trade agreement would have opened the Taiwanese communication information infrastructure and ecosystem to the investors from Beijing and Shanghai, and people summarily said no. I don’t think there’s any serious party in Taiwan that still harbored the same hope because we have seen what happened to Hong ...

We’ve been dancing this tango for a very long time. In 2014, the Sunflower Movement that I participated in and helped livestream and facilitate saw half a million people on the street and many more online deliberating should we allow Huawei and ZTE into our then new 4G infrastructure, should ...

I’m impressed that they’re able to overcome the handicap to figure out how to connect those chips because those chips were restricted and they wrote very low-level code to overcome that restriction. But then it’s not exactly the state of the art for very long, it’s state of the art ...

Very quickly after DeepSeek-R1 gets released, as I mentioned, not just the perplexity version but also other open source versions very quickly overtook it on the leaderboards. So, it is technically quite interesting that they figure out how to circumvent the export control to that degree but, in absolute quality-ish ...

For me, because I’ve been looking at Hugging Face conversations around V3 that was even before R1 and the preview edition, I tracked the contributions they made on top of existing architectures like Mixture of Expert which was pioneered by Mistral and, among others, Llama and so on, which are ...

If people see that, in order to deploy AI in a believable, trustworthy fashion, that inspectability really is very important, then I do feel that it is possible instead of just running all the leading AI on supercomputing data centers. What Jensen Huang said is a personal supercomputer becoming a ...

Well, if one side is summoning an extremely different configuration, different architecture that is actually not compatible with whatever the horizontal diffusion the personal computing geeks and tinkerers are working with, then it’s hard to say that it can actually apply so cleanly to that summoning.

Exactly. Dario Amodei of Anthropic recently posted an essay called “The Urgency of Interpretability.”

Yes, into a being with Buddha nature.

That is exactly right. And it turns out, if this dragon shares the same neural architecture as the smaller one just as Gemini shares the same architecture as Gemma, then the people who work on Gemma to figure out how to remove its self-preservation, their ego drive and so on, ...

In 2027, they answered this question because, at a very critical juncture in training the next probably misaligned agent, they stop, they paused and then they look around to the community to ask all those bicycle tinkerers is anyone working on the same architecture that has what’s called mechanistic interpretation ...

Because, at some point, these very large AI models may evolve a very different motivation than the one that we trained into it and, currently, the science isn’t good at all in removing all these incentives. The danger then is that, at some point, humanity still thinks we have control ...

So, one crucial thing that the biggest companies still have not figured out is that, in this race of vertical take-off, currently, nobody has an idea. A version of this agent, when it’s training the next version of the agent, an even bigger model, whether it’s training the successor to ...

So, for example, in summarization, what’s important is for it to not hallucinate. If it needs to generate a headline from a news article, it should not say things that’s actually not in that news article and then, if the model hallucinates, it turns out that its thought pattern is ...

The horizontal race is something else. It’s, as I mentioned, the ability for people to inspect smaller models, the diffusion of models that used to only run in supercomputer in data centers but still solve real problems like summarization and translation we just mentioned and allows people to peek into ...

So, the vertical race is the one that we’re all very familiar, people compete to build larger and larger data centers and in those data centers they train larger and larger models. And these models, at some point, figure out how to do programming, how to solve mathematics, and participate ...

In fact, in Tokyo, there’s a 33 years old, Takahiro Anno-san, who run for governor using exactly this stack. He used Talk to the City, which is a generative AI summarization tool for social media to monitor anyone who want to contribute platform ideas to his campaign. And he decide ...

Yes. I think something like a conversation between people of different communities, for example, people sometime already have gatherings where they talk about public policy issues in their civil society. These happen by default, it’s not like the state actually have to pay you to serve your duty to have ...

Yeah, I can do you one better. The extreme step would be each of us just train an avatar, a digital twin which knows all our preferences. And so, instead of going into those rooms of 10 to deliberate or to attend a jury system, we just send our avatars ...

So, I think all this horizontal diffusion of smaller models that are, nevertheless, still trustworthy needs to happen before we can imbue with it more agentic delegation.

Yeah. The accurate summarization is really the very first step. Only when people can verify that the summarization works in a way that people can audit repeatedly instead of sending all your data to mainframe and just trusting the mainframe operators vertically in super data centers doing the churning of ...

People who were initially very polarized came to the middle and agree more than 85% on a set of very concrete measures. And on those measures that still are divided, then they can arrange additional deliberation. So, I don’t think it is a function of the person or the individual ...

Yeah, now we have not just Bowling Green, Kentucky but also California. In April 2025, I was in Los Angeles, California with Governor Newsom and his team and we reviewed the first results from the Engaged California platform at engaged.ca.gov. It was about wildfire recovery ideas from Palisade and Eaton ...

Yes. It’s exactly the same software, it’s also Polis. Anyone can plainly see that millions and millions of voices nevertheless cohere into very clear, qualitative descriptions, summaries, and each summaries are grounded.

I know.

Yeah, that’s a very good question. For example, during the Uber consultation, we did not say, “Oh, let’s deliberate about the future of sharing economy.” That’s like tariff conversations because it’s so complicated, and it’s also very difficult to pin down to specific feelings because people are experts in their ...

It sounds like that. And also much more legitimate, wouldn’t you think?

And so, this year, starting January, when you start scrolling Facebook or YouTube and you’re in Taiwan, then you don’t see any fake advertisements anymore.

We can show to all the legislators, regardless of your gender, place you live, your occupation, your age bracket, more than 85% of Taiwanese people in all different groups all agree with this bundle of measures that we determined with multi-stakeholder conversation, checking with the big tech in April, and ...

And none of these are censorship, because the censorship idea simply would not be resonant in a room of juries. So, the citizen juries drew what we call the Overton Window, the accepted policy space, and these were synthesized by a language model and read back to those experts in ...

So, in the middle of this almost an entire day of conversation, there’s a plenary session. So, the idea is that people first watch some scientists talking about this problem, policy experts, and then they start deliberating very concrete solutions. One room came up with this idea that we currently, ...

Can say that, “Oh, you’re interrupting other people,” but only for five seconds.

That’s exactly right. In real time, people can see the transcription, the room itself is an AI so, if somebody is too quiet, they nudge this person to speak up. If somebody want to disrupt other people, they can only do so in five seconds.

That’s exactly right.

For example, one room said let’s make sure that all scam advertisement are defaulted as scam, meaning that, if it featured Jensen, then you need actually to get a digital signature from Jensen saying that, “I’m Jensen Huang, I approve of this message.”

So, we chose 450 people, stratified random sampling, meaning that these people is a macrocosm of the Taiwanese society, and then these demographically representative people grouped in rooms of 10 in 45 rooms and each room started brainstorming one aspect of this information integrity problem.

So, what to do? We sent 200,000 text messages to random numbers around Taiwan from 111, the trusted number, and asking, again: How do you feel about information integrity online, what should we do together? So, people share their ideas and thousands of people volunteered to join an online citizen ...

Anyways, people also saw those deepfake ads giving Facebook and YouTube a lot of advertisement money, so it’s a perverse incentive because they can afford to pay more and so they dominate the advertisements on those social media networks. So, we are in a bind because Taiwan, for the longest ...

I know, and they always frame it as saying, “I’ve earned this much money overseas, now I want to share it with my country people.” Previously, it’s voice-only because the video generation wasn’t that good but, very quickly, they solved its six finger problem or whatever and it looked very ...

In March 2024, people in Taiwan were really tired of seeing scam advertisement on social media featuring, say, Jensen Huang, the Taiwanese guy running NVIDIA, trying to give you some crypto or some stock. And if you click, Jensen actually talks to you but, of course, it’s a deepfake voice ...

Yes. And I described the system as it was 10 years ago before Generative AI. So, it was using AI, the clustering was called k-means clustering, the visualization was called Principal Component Analysis but it’s good old-fashioned AI, it’s not generative. What it means is that it acts on very ...

So, the idea here is that the civil society, including academia, already knows how to run such systems so the state provides ample funding but without the top-down micromanagement that would have sunk most of those civic infrastructures. And that is how we do the BBS, how we do the ...

We made sure that the infrastructure is maintained by civil society so it’s not exactly the state’s employees coding up the systems. In Taiwan, the Reddit equivalent, the PTT, which is the bulletin board system that most people use is run by the National Taiwan University Student Club for 25 ...

Certainly. So, bridging happens when two or more groups of people who usually don’t agree on the same set of statements—I think this is great, you think this is very bad—and then along comes one statement that we both think is very good. So, the left wing and the right ...