- Utilitarian / existential risk and benefit. Strong in Silicon Valley and Oxford‑adjacent work — Nick Bostrom , Toby Ord , Anders Sandberg , and others — framing x‑risk and long‑term benefits (e.g., Superintelligence , The Precipice ).
- Rights and justice (deontic). Emphasizing rights, fairness and non‑discrimination — such as Oxford AFP fellows Joy Buolamwini (Algorithmic Justice League), Alondra Nelson (White House AI Bill of Rights effort), Yuval Shany , Cass Sunstein and others — arguing AI shouldn’t be exempt from rights‑based obligations.
- Open innovation. Smaller but important: decentralization and power‑diffusion as virtues in themselves. This tradition resists over‑concentration even when it is justified by safety or speed, in order to preserve democratic steering capacity .