But in addition to denying people’s access to those websites by having botnets trying to disrupt the capacity, there were also tampering. The Taiwan rail stations, the advertisement billboards, and so on, were hijacked to display hateful messages against Speaker Pelosi. And also, convenience stores like 7-Eleven that had all its bulletin boards changed. And these two, the traditional cyberattacks, like tampering, and the denial-of-service attacks, all fell into the kind of disinformation campaigns, such as those that claim, “the Taiwan rail station has been taken over,” or “the presidential office has been taken over,” and so on.

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